TSI Commendations Part II

TSI has recently received a Certificate of Appreciation from our friends at Ft. Bragg, home of the Airborne and Special Ops.

TSI launches new web site!

TSI has just launched a new web site catering specifically to customers with DoD 8570 requirements.  The site can be found at www.Train8570.com.  We are now offering our spring schedule of classes includding CISSP, CISSP, and a variety of CompTIA certification training courses.  Onsite courses are a cost effective alternative to high travel costs.  Contact us at Sales@Train8570.com to book your course today!

TSI Commendations

Several of the founders of TSI have military backgrounds so it is always a special honor for us to be allowed to work with the worlds finest military.  In 2008 we had the honor of training many of the soldiers in Fort Hood TX assigned to 1st Cavalry.  This opportunity to help those who serve was capped when we recieved this letter of commendation from Brigadier General Rudesheim.

Pandemic Preparation?

As I listen to the news this week and the number of H1N1 (Swine) Flu cases increases and we finally reach Pandemic status according to the WHO I wonder how many companies ever add elements to their BCP/DRP in order to be prepared to handle pandemics.

This is not the first, it wont be the last.  The nature of our world these days allows for illness to be spread around the planet so quickly.  Air travel is so easy and so common that the virus can jump states or countries very quickly.  This is one of those items that you can’t predict based on the type of work that your business does or its physical location.

Does your business have a way to continue to function and operate if employees must stay home to care for their children because schools are closed?  What would you do if a case of the Swine flu occurred within your user population? Send everyone home?  Do your employees have the capability to work from home?  How would you disinfect your workspace?  How would you immediately care for everyone to keep them healthy?

Some basic questions that if addressed now could save your business a lot of money in the event of a pandemic later.

CISSP Quantitative Risk Analysis

 

 

 

CISSP Quantitative Risk Analysis

Scenario Question

 

I read a joke the other day that went something like this:

Did you hear that there was a huge fire in the Yugo assembly plant? Over 80% of the building was destroyed. Insurance adjusters estimate the damages at $800.

This of course brings to mind a quantitative risk analysis. Remember, there are two main types of risk analysis – Qualitative and Quantitative. A qualitative risk analysis creates a scenario and attempts to rank seriousness of threats against the sensitivity of the asset. Quantitative risk analysis attempts to assign a specific cost to a threat.

Perhaps an exam type scenario question is in order:

There was a fire at a factory and 80% of the building was destroyed. The damage to the building was $800. Fire statistics reveal that the Yugo factory has had a similar fire an average of once every five years. Use this information to answer the following questions:

1. Given that the cost of the damages to the building was $800, what is the total asset value of the Yugo Factory?

a. $800

b. $1600

c. $500

d. $1000

2. Senior management decides to spend $1200 installing a fire prevention system in the newly repaired factory. This system requires a $100 per year maintenance contract that extends the warranty of the fire prevention system to 15 years assuming the maintenance is performed annually. The warranty covers the cost of all repairs including parts and labor. Would you advise management for or against buying this system?

a. Yes, buy the system; it will save the company $300 over the next 15 years.

b. No, do not buy the system; it will cost the company $300 over the next 15 years.

c. No, do not buy the system. Management should never spend more money preventing fires than the factory is worth.

d. Yes, buy the system it will save the company $100 over the next 15 years

3. What is the Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO) of fires at the Yugo factory?

a. 2

b. .2

c. 5

d. .5

 

 

 

Answers:

1. D. $1000.

The formula for computing Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) is Asset Value (AV) x Exposure Factor (EF). In this scenario the SLE= $800 and the EF = 80% or .8. This gives the formula $800=AV X .8. Solving for AV we get AV = $800/.8 which gives us $1000 for the Asset Value. We can prove this equation by multiplying $1000 by .8 and we come up with $800.

2. B. No, do not buy the system; it will cost the company $300 over the next 15 years.

Assuming one fire every five years, and $800 of loss for each fire, we come up with three fires in 15 years for a total of $2400 in loss ($800 X 3 fires). The fire prevention system has an initial cost of $1200 and an additional $1500 over the next 15 years. The total cost of the system would be $2700. 

$2400 – $2700 =  -$300, so we would be losing $300.

3. B. .2

Statistics show us one fire every five years, or two fires every ten years. 2/10=.2, so the ARO is .2.

In this scenario we are assuming no loss of life and are not concerned with company reputation. In the real world the answers might be slightly different especially question number two as those two factors would likely swing the balance of the equation in the other direction. The scenario did not mention people, data, or reputation, so please do not add things into this question or the exam questions that you are not presented with.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PPP – Authentication methods PAP and CHAP

Once a PPP connection has been established and LCP has negotiated which authentication method(s) are available, an authentication protocol must be agreed upon and utilized.  Those methods include Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).  Due to the many flavors of EAP, I will not attempt to address those issues here. 

PAP uses a simple two-way handshake only performed during the initiation of the connection.  Once PPP LCP moves into the authentication phase, PAP passes the ID/Password pair in the clear (unencrypted) continuously until the authentication is acknowledged or the connection is terminated.  The handshake may not be repeated during the resulting connection, which does not allow for replay protection.  There is no specification in RFC as to how the password is stored on either end of the connection, but it must be available in plain text for both ends.  Common implementation encrypts the password database for decryption during the authentication process.

CHAP is a much more robust authentication protocol and should be used whenever possible in place of PAP.  Once LCP has negotiated for CHAP authentication, the authenticator (normally considered to be the server or device being connected to) sends a challenge packet consisting of challenge identifier number and a random number often called a “nonce” or just a challenge.  The host device will then respond with a hash value created from the identifier, the password (called a “secret”) and the challenge.  These three items will be concatenated (written end to end one after another) and hashed.  The resultant message digest or hash value, will be returned to the authenticator in a packet that has the same identifier as the challenge.  The reason for the identifier is to associate potential multiple unique challenges with this particular response.  Upon receiving the response packet containing the message digest, the authenticator hashes the sent challenge identifier, the shared secret, and the sent challenge.  The locally created message digest must be identical to the received message digest tin order to authenticate the host. 

The creation of the hash value requires that the password be available in plain text to both ends of the authentication process.  The secret is never sent across the wire in plain text, but must be maintained by both endpoints in a manner where the plaintext can be resolved i.e. plaintext or two way encrypted.

CHAP may be implemented in such a manner that the challenges may be periodically sent during the NCP phase.  These challenges should be responded to by the host device.  The random challenge itself prevents replay attacks while the option to resend the challenge is an aid to preventing session hijacking.  The CHAP challenge may also be sent by the host device to authenticate the “server” side.  This two way authentication could be used to set up a VPN or other communication path requiring mutual authentication, and is the default in many Cisco networking devices.

Cisco routers and other devices have an option to attempt multiple forms of authentication.  This is NOT the recommended security setting.  Each unique username should be allowed only one form of authentication, in our case either PAP or CHAP.  PAP is the weaker and least advised authentication method.  If a username is optioned to provide both PAP and CHAP authentication the secrets should be different.  Remember CHAP send the password hashed and PAP in the clear.  What good is it to use CHAP when other times PAP is used with the same clear text password?  Always select CHAP or better yet EAP over PAP when possible.

CISSP Preparation – Practice Questions

To practice or not to practice… that is the question.

My basic answer is YES.  Do practice questions.

The complicated answer:

You must understand the reason you are doing the practice questions in order to get the most out of them.  So what is the reason you ask? It is to get yourself used to answering questions of this nature.  Most adults do not take exams on a regular basis.  As a result most of us are not used to these convoluted questions.

Before I go further with that I have to add what you are NOT trying to get out of these practice questions.  You are not doing these questions with the hope of memorizing them word for word so that by the time you get to the exam you have seen all of the questions and all of the answers.  Expect that you will not see anything on the exam that you have seen in practice.

One of the most important things that you can get out of your practice questions is to identify why you got the questions wrong.  It is better to identify this now, rather than after the exam.  It is fun and makes you feel good when you get the questions right, but what you really want to be looking for is the questions that you get wrong and then understanding why you got it wrong.

Some of the reasons that you might get the question wrong is to look at it from a technical perspecitve rather than a managerial one.  You might have missed a work (i.e. NOT).  You might have added a word that was not there (i.e. NOT).  You might have missed the actual question embedded within all of the words that they gave you.

One thing that I can promise you is that you will find bad questions.  Questions that make you upset, mad or even angry.  Practice questions are almost always written by people that had the thought AFTER writing a book or a course that they should probably write some practice questions as well, myself included.  As a result they do not get all of the attention that they deserve and they are not evaluated and revised as necessary.

If you are dealing with a bad question what is most useful to you is to identify why it is a bad question.  Was it poorly worded?  Were the answers to close to each other?  Were the answers synonymous? Was a word missing from the question or the answer?  And so on.  If you can explain why it is a bad question than you are showing that you do have a grasp of the topic which is what you need to be ready to take the exam.

So practice away.  Just look for what has you getting the wrong answers in order to get you ready for the exam.

Now the next question I am often asked is which questions should you use?

If you have any of the study guide books there are questions that go along with them.  They are ok.  All of them.. they are ok.  One note is the questions in the All-in-One used to be too long in comparison to the exam, but now they are not long enough.

There are a lot of questions on CCCure.org.  I would recommend practicing at the two hardest levels.  I like these questions because they are free.  I am all about free.  Buyer beware – you get what you pay for.  There are a lot of bad questions in there.  Just use them for practice.  Identify why they are bad questions and let it go.  If there is information in a question that goes against all you have read or learned or all of you own background tells you then let it go as a bad question, or go research somewhere else for more accurate info.

What if you want to spend money on questions.  I would NOT recommend buying the Transender or any other similar questions.  You are just as well off with CCCure.  If you really want some good questions and are willing to pay for them get them from the source, (ISC)2.  They have 300 questions available for purchase.  The difference with these questions is that they went through the same process as the real test questions (minus going in to real exams) and are decent, solid questions. Click here to get to them.

Practice away !!!